Presynaptic Calcium Signaling
Cytosolic Ca elevations, color coded, in presynaptic terminal of squid giant synapse during action potential firing (0-1 sec). Numeral indicate time in sec. See Smith, et al. (1993) for experimental details.
Same experiment as above, but with presynaptic terminal imaged at higher magnification.
Presynaptic Calcium Signaling Bibliography

Squid Giant Synapse

Charlton, M.P., Smith, S.J. and  Zucker, R.S. (1982) Role of presynaptic calcium ions and channels in synaptic facilitation and depression at the squid giant synapse.  J. Physiol. (Lond) 323: 173-193.

Smith, S.J., Augustine, G.A. and Charlton, M.P. (1985) Transmission at voltage-clamped giant synapse of the squid: evidence for cooperative calcium action in secretion of synaptic transmitter.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 622-625.

Augustine, G.J., Charlton, M.P. and Smith, S.J. (1985) Calcium entry into voltage-clamped presynaptic terminals of squid.  J. Physiol. (Lond) 367: 143-162.

Augustine, G.J., Charlton, M.P. and Smith, S.J. (1985) Calcium entry and transmitter release at voltage-clamped nerve terminals of squid.  J. Physiol. (Lond) 367: 163-181.

Smith, S.J., Charlton, M.P., and Augustine, G.J.   (1986) The voltage-dependence of transmitter release.  J. Physiol. (Paris) 81(4): 332-339.

Smith, S.J., Osses, L.R. and Augustine, G.J. (1988)    Fura-2 imaging of localized calcium accumulation within squid 'giant' presynaptic terminal. In: Ion Channel Modulation (Grinnel, A.D., Armstrong, D.L. and Jackson, M.B., eds.), Plenum: New York.  pp. 147-155.

Augustine, G.J., Charlton, M.P. and Smith, S.J. (1988)  Toward a molecular understanding of synaptic   transmitter release: Physiological clues from the   squid giant synapse.  In: Ion Channel Modulation (Grinnel, A.D., Armstrong, D.L. and Jackson, M.B., eds.), Plenum: New York.  pp. 157-168.

Smith, S.J, Buchanan, J., Osses, L.R., Charlton, M.P. and Augustine, G.J.  (1993)  The spatial distribution of calcium signals in squid presynaptic terminals.  J. Physiol. (Cambridge), 472, 573-593.

Chromaffin Cell Ca Channels

Hoshi, T., Rothlein, J. and Smith, S.J. (1984)  Facilitation of Ca channel currents in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:  5871-5875.

Hoshi, T. and Smith, S.J. (1987) Large depolarization induces long openings of voltage-dependent calcium channels in adrenal chromaffin cells.  J. Neurosci. 7: 571-580.

Reviews

Augustine, G.J., Charlton, M.P. and Smith, S.J. (1987) Ca action in synaptic transmitter release.  Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 10: 633-693.

Smith, S.J. and Augustine, G.J. (1988)  Calcium ions, active zones and neurotransmitter release.  Trends Neurosci. 11:458-464.

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